Page-50: Grammatical Discussion On Surah Al-Fatiha:As-Sarf(الصرف or the transformation of words: What is An-Nahwu(ألنحو) The chapters on verb forms):( أبواب الأوزان للأفعال)

Grammatical Discussion On Surah Al-Fatiha:

Grammatical discussion means the discussion on Nahwu(ألنحو) and Sarf ( (الصرف:

As-Sarf( (الصرف or the transformation of words:

 الصرف هو تحويل الاسم من المفرد إلى المثنى نحو ولد ولدان أو تحويل فعل الماضى

 على المضارع والأمر نحو كتب يكتب أكتب ولا يدخل فيه الحروف ولا الأسماء المتوغلة فى البناء نحو سيبوية ورقاش

It’s a word-formation process, in which a noun is converted from first person singular number to a second person, such as ولد ولدان and a transformation of the verb of past tense to the verb of future tense and imperative word such as كتب يكتب أكتب. The preposition or intrusive nouns in structure remain out of this transformation, such as سيبوية ورقاش (In a nutshell -Sarf is the  knowledge by which  the process of word formulation (الصيغة) and the method of converting one word into another is known.)   (Ref.1)

What is An-Nahwu(ألنحو) :

 ألنحو علم بأصول يعرف بها أواخر الكلم الثلث أى الإسم والفعل والحرف من حيث الإعراب والبناء وكيفية تركيب بعضها مع بعض

An-Nahu is the knowledge of the rules by which the Irab الإعراب (Symbol of vowel sounds like Fatha, kasra Damma etc.) of the last letter of nouns, verbs and prepositions (الحرف) is understood. By which the structure of words and how some words relate to others are also understood. (The definition of Harkat الحركات  is described on page 04)

What is Harf (ألحرف)

ألحرف كلمة لا تدل على معنى فى نفسها وألفعل كلمة تدل على معنى فى نفسها ويقترن معناها  بأحد الأزمنة الثلاثة وألإسم كلمة  تدل على معنى فى نفسها غير مقترن بأحد الأزمنة الثلاثة  أى الماضى والحال والإستقبال   

A preposition(ألحرف) is a word that has no meaning on its own, a verb has a meaning related to one of the three tenses and a noun is a word that indicates its meaning without any relation to the three tenses of present past and future. (The root letters (مادة) of most Arabic words are three, which can be transformed into one of the 42 verbs’ forms of the 42 chapters (أبواب). Every chapter for forming the verbs from the root words is a باب. The learners of the Arabic language need to memorise all these forms of verbs with their meanings). (Ref.2)

Ibn Manzur Al-Afriki Al-Misri described in his book:

والباب معروف والفعل منه التبويب والجمع أبواب وبيبان

The word باب is known in Arabic and the verb from it is التبويب. Its plural is أبواب and بيبان - (In the context of As-Sarf (ألصرف), some chapters are there for the transformation of the words by the different structures of the verbs. Those structures are named like نصر ينصر- باب ضرب يضرب- باب سمع يسمع باب etc.) (Ref.3)

The  chapters on verb forms ( أبواب الأوزان للأفعال):

All the verbs and Asmai Mutamakkinah(The nouns compounded with the others in such a way that the provider of Irab(عامل) does exist over there and doesn’t bear resemblance to the Mubni or a word that doesn't take any change of vowel marks of its last letter) are of two kinds based on the root letters: Three-letter words (ثلا ثى)and four-letter words (رباعى  ).

ثلاثى  Thulathi is a verb of past tense which consists of three root letters. For example- نصر- ضرب

رباعى  Rubai is a verb of past tense which consists of four root letters. For example- بعثر -عرقب

ثلاثى  Thulathi is of two kinds.

Thulati Mujarrad (ثلاثى مجرد)Thulathi Mazid Fih (ثلاثى مزيد فيه)

1. Thulathi Mujarrad (ثلاثى مجرد) is a past tense verb with no additional root letters. For example-حمد -  منع.

 2. Thulathi Mazid Fih (ثلاثى مزيد فيه) is a past tense verb with additional root letters. For example-إجتنب أكرم

Thulati Mujarrad (ثلاثى مجرد) also is of two types:  1. شاذ2. مطرد

Muttared: This is the most commonly used form of the verb. For example-ضرب-

Shaz: It is a less-used form of the verb.For example- حسب

Muttared (مطرد-Regular): It has got 5 chapters(خمسة أبواب )

1. This chapter(باب) comes in the form of  فعل (Fatah on  عين as a verb of past tense)and يفعل (Dammah on عين as a verb of the present /future tense (مضارع) e-i نصر (He helped) ينصر (He helps/He will help)

2. This chapter (باب) comes in the form of فعل (Fatah on عين as a verb of past tense )and يفعل  Kasrah under عين as a verb of the present /future tense (مضارع) e-i ضرب(He beat ) يضرب (He beats/He will beat ).

3. This chapter (باب) comes in the form of فعل (Kasrah under عين as a verb of past tense)and يفعل  Fatah on عين as a verb of the present /future tense (مضارع) e-i سمع  (He heard)يسمع   (He listens to/He will listen to).

4. This chapter (باب) comes in the form of فعل (Fatah on عين as a verb of past tense)and يفعل  Fatah on عين as a verb of the present /future tense (مضارع)e-iفتح  (He opened)يفتح  (He opens /He will open ).

5. This chapter (باب) comes in the form of فعل (Dammah on عين as a verb of past tense)and يفعل  Dammah on عين as a verb of the present /future tense (مضارع)e-iكرم   (He respected )يكرم  (He respects/He will respect ).

Shaz (  شاذ or irregular): It has got 3 chapters( ثلاثة أبواب ):

1. This chapter (باب) comes in the form of فعل (Kasrah under عين as a verb of past tense)and يفعل  Kasrah under عين as a verb of the present /future tense (مضارع)e-iحسب   (He thought)يحسب  (He feels/He will feel).

2. This chapter (باب) comes in the form of فعل (Kasrah under عين as a verb of past tense)and يفعل  Dammah on عين as a verb of the present /future tense (مضارع)e-iفضل  (He did more )يفضل  (He does more/He will do more).

3. This chapter (باب) comes in the form of فعل (Dammah on عين as a verb of past tense)and يفعل  Fatah on عين as a verb of the present /future tense (مضارع)e-iكاد  (it almost happened )يكاد   (It almost happens/It will happen very soon). Thulathi Mazid Fih (ثلاثى مزيد فيه) is of two kinds. 1. Thulathi Muzid Fih Mulheq Bi-Rubai (ثلاثى مزيد فيه ملحق برباعى):  It has become a four-letter verb for additional letters, but there is no change in its meaning in terms of characteristics. For example: جلبب (Jalbaba-He blew the sheet) (Ref.4)

References :( المراجع)

1. -المعجم المفصل فى علم الصرف Page -174, Author- Raji Al-Asmar

2. هداية النحو  “Hedayatun Nahwu” ,Page No.-4.

3. لسان العرب Ibn Manzur Al-Afriqi Al-Misri, Volume 1, page-223

4. ’ميزان ومنشعب أردو مع تمرين و تعليق -Author -مفتى محمد جاويد قاسمى سهارنفورى معين المدرسين السابق- دار العلوم ديوبند –Page no-55 to 80

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