Page 44 :To recite Sura Al-Fatiha in Salah is Wajib: Why reciting Surah Fatiha is not Fard (فرض) or mandatory in Salah ? What is Khabrul Wahed?

To recite Sura Al-Fatiha in Salah is Wajib:

Burhan Uddin Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Abi Bakr Al-Marginani described in his book: فقرأة الفاتحة لاتتعين ركنا عندنا وكذا ضم السورة إليها    “Recitation of Sura Fatiha in Salah is not Rukn or Fard to us (To the Mujtahids of Hanafi Mazhab). Similarly adding another Sura to it is not Rukon or Fard of Salah”. (It means - reciting another surah with it is not Ford (فرض) of Salah). Because Allah the almighty said: فاقرؤا ما تيسر من القرأن   “So, you recite what is easy (For you) from the Quran” (Al-Muzammel-20) فقلنا بوجوبهما “So, we (The Mujtahids of Hanafi Mazhab) said, that the recitation of Sura Fatiha and any other Suras or Ayats with this Surah is Wajib”." ٍSo the opinion of the Mujtahids of Hanafi Mazhab is to recite an Ayats of the Quran in Salah is Rukn (Fard) of Salah. Abdul Hai Al-Lakhnuwi said in the explanation of the book “Bidayatul Mubtadi”: فذهب علماءنا إلى ركنية قرأة أية “So the Mujtahids of Hanafi Mazhab have come to this point that the recitation of an Ayah from the Quran is Rukon (Fard) of salah.”(So, if anyone recites a Surah or a long Ayah or three short Ayats in Salah, his Fard duty for recitation in Salah is fulfilled)” (Ref.1)

Fakhruddin Uthman Ibn Ali Az-Zailai Al-Hanafi said in his book: وواجباتها قرأة الفاتجة وضم سورة“Reciting Surah Fatiha and any other Surah along with it are among the Wajibs of Salah”. (Ref.2) 

Abu Ammar Yaseer Ibn Ahmad Ibn Badr Ibnun Nazzar Ad-Dimyati described in his book:

 والقرأة أى مطلقا من غير خصوصية الفاتحة لقوله تعالى " فاقرؤا ما تيسر من القرأن" يدل على أن الواجب أن يقرأ اى شيئ تيسر من القرأن لأن الأية وردت فى القرأة فى الصلاة بدليل قوله تعالى " إن ربك يعلم أنك تقوم أدنى من ثلثى الليل"إلى قوله " فاقرؤا ما تيسر من القرأن"ولم تختلف الأمة أن ذالك فى شأن الصلاة فى اليل وذالك عموم عندنا فى صلاة اليل وغيرها من النوافل والفرائض لعموم اللفظ   

“And the recitation (القرأة) means to recite generally (Any Sura or one long ayat or three short Ayats) without specifying surah Fatiha. Because of the saying of Allah the almighty-" فاقرؤا ما تيسر من القرأن" “So, you recite what is easy (For you) from the Quran” (Al-Muzammel-20) This Ayat proves that it is Wajib to recite anything easy from the Qur’an. Because the Ayat about Qirat (Recitation) in Salah, with the evidence of the saying of Allah the almighty: “إن ربك يعلم أنك تقوم أدنى من ثلثى الليل" “Surely your Rob knows that you stand for Salah nearly two-thirds of the night.” Up to Allah’s saying: “فاقرؤا ما تيسر من القرأن" “So, you recite what is easy (For you) from the Quran.” (Al-Muzammel-20) The Ummah did not differ on this point that this Ayat is regarding (Nafl) Salah at night. That (Order of recitation) is a general word to us (Hanafi Mazhab) regarding Salah at night and other Salah from Nafl and Fard Salah. Because the word Qirat is not specified, but it is used in general meaning (Without specification).”(Ref.3)

Why reciting Surah Fatiha is not Fard (فرض) or mandatory in Salah?

لثبوتها بخبر الواحدالزائد على قوله تعالى فاقرؤا ما تيسر من القرأن والزيادة وإن كانت لا تجوز لكن يجب العمل بها ومن أجل ذالك قلنا بوجوبها ولأن الفاتجة وسائر القران سواء فى سائر الأحكام فكذا فى الصلاة والدليل على وجوبها قول النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم"لا صلاة لمن لم يقرأ فاتحة الكتاب " وهو محمول على نفى الكمال لا على نفى الحقيقة ومعناه " لا صلاة كاملة لمن لم يقرأ بفاتحة الكتاب " فغاية ما يفيد الوجوب لا الإفتراض لأنه وإن كان قطعى الثبوت فهو ظنى الدلالة ولأن مثله يقال لنفى الجواز ولنفى الفضيلة فكان محتملا بقول النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم " من صلى صلاة لم يقرأ فيها بأم الفرأن فهى خداج فهى خداج غير تمام "والخداج" الناقصة وهذا يدل على جوازها مع النقصان للأنها لو لم تكن جائزة لما أطلق عليها إسم النقصان لأن إثباتها ناقصة ينفى بطلانها إذ لا يجوز الوصف بالنقصان للشيء الباطل الذى لم يثبت منه شيئ 

“Because the rule of reciting Surah Fatiha in Salah is proved by Khabr Al-Wahed which is additional against Allah’s saying: فاقرؤا ما تيسر من القرأن“So, recite what is easy (For you) from the Quran” (Al-Muzammel-20)

Although the additional against Allah's saying is not (جائز) permissible, to act upon that is Wajib. For this reason, we (Mujtahids of Hanafi Mazhab) said -that the recitation of Sura Al-Fatiha in Salah is Wajib. Another reason is that Sura Al-Fateha and the whole Quran are equal in the context of rules and regulations. Salah is also like that. The evidence for its becoming Wajib is the saying of Nabi (Sm.): "لا صلاة لمن لم يقرأ فاتحة الكتاب “There is no Salah for one who does not recite Al-Fatiha.” (Sahih Bukhari, Hadith no-756, كتاب الاذان). This Hadith indicates that Salah will not be completed without the recitation of Al-Fatiha. It does not indicate to Salah as nullified. The meaning of Hadith is-“There is no complete Salah for one who does not recite Al-Fatiha in Salah. So the purpose of Hadith is useful for Wajib, not Fard. Because even if it is (This Hadith) irrefutably proven, it is conceptual evidence. The same is said for the denial of permissibility (جائز) of something and the denial of its good quality. This Hadith will be consistent with the saying of Nabi (Sm.): من صلى صلاة لم يقرأ فيها بأم الفرأن فهى خداج فهى خداج غير تمام" “One who performs Salah and doesn’t recite Sura Al-Fatiha in Salah, that Salah will be  Khidaj(خداج), that Salah will be  Khidaj(خداج), not perfect.” (Sahih Muslim, Hadith no-395, كتاب الصلاة) Khidaj (خداج) means –incomplete. This is the evidence for making Salah permissible with incompleteness without reciting Surah Al-Fatiha. If it is not permissible, why is the word “Incomplete” generalized for Salah? Because proving Salah is incomplete denies its invalidity. A nullified thing from which nothing is proved, cannot be called incomplete.” (Ref.4)

So, it cannot be the Rukn of Salah. For this reason, Ibnul Hammam Al-Hanafi described in his book:

أن الركن لا يثبت إلا بدليل قطعى وخبر الواحد ليس بقطعى لكنه يوجب العمل به فقلنا به   “Indeed Rukn doesn’t prove by the conceptual evidence and Khabrul Wahid. Because these are not irrefutable, but to act upon it is Wajib”. So we the Mujtahids of Hanafi Mazhab said it”. (Ref. 5)

What is Khabrul Wahed?

هو على ما عرفه فخر الاسلام البزدوى فى الكنز " كل خبر يرويه الواحد أو الإثنين فصاعدالا عبرة للعدد فيه بعد أن يكون دون المشهور والمتواتر"

(According to what Fakhr Al-Islam Al-Bazdawi defined Khabr-i-Ahad in the book “Al-Kanz”, “Every Hadith narrated by one or two or more is called Khar-i-Ahad, as the number does not matter in it after  becoming this number less than the number of the narrators of Hadith-i-Mashhoor (مشهور)or Mutawatir(متواتر)” (Ref.6)

References :( المراجع)

1. Al-Hedayah, Sharhe Bidayatul Mubtadi, Author-Burhan Uddin Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Abi Bakr Al-Marginani with the explanation of Abdul Hai Al-Lakhnuwi, First addition-1417 Hijri year,  Volume-1, كتلب الصلاة, باب صفة الصلاة -page-318,319,320 &321

2. من تبيين الحقائق شرح كنز الدقائق Volume-1, Page no-105

3. ألخلاصة الفقهية على مذهب السادة الحنفية–Author- Abu Ammar Yaseer Ibn Ahmad Ibn Badr Ibn An-Nazzar Ad-Demyati. Volume 1, (فرائض الصلاة) كتاب الصلاة- باب شروط الصلاة -pages no 162 and 173

4.ألخلاصة الفقهية على مذهب السادة الحنفية–Author- Abu Ammar Yaseer Ibn Ahmad Ibn Badr Ibn An-Nazzar Ad-Demyati. Volume 1, (واجبات الصلاة) كتاب الصلاة- باب شروط الصلاة -pages no 162&163.

5. Fathul Qadir, Author-Ibnul Hammam Al-Hanafi وكتاب الصلاة -Page no-300

6. دراسة فى أصول الحديث على منهج الحنفية   -Author: Abdul Majid At-Turkmani, Page no-124)

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