Page-32-Tafsir of: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم , lexical and grammatical discussion on Bismillah,صيغ المبالغة( Words give the meaning of superlative degrees)

 

Tafsir of بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم  

Grammatical Discussion: 

Here الباء in بسم is حرف الجر, fixed with Zer. (مبنى على الكسر) . It is like a preposition, which gives  Kasra (كسرة)to the attached word. This باء is related to the omitted verb –    أقول بسم الله  (I say in the name of Allah)or قل بسم الله (Say in the name of Allah). The word Allah is مجرور or received Kasra. ألرحمن is the first الصفة or Adjective and الرحيم is the second الصفة or adjective of the word الله   (Allah(.These two الصفة qualified the word "Allah" which is called الموصوف”.(Ref.1)

وقال الكوفيون: المحذوف فعل تقديره إبتدأت أو أبداء فألجار والمجرور فى موضع نصب بالمحذوف وحذفت الألف من الخط لكثرة الإستعمال   

“Nahu (Arabic Grammar) experts from Kufa in Iraq said: The omitted verb here is- إبتدأت or أبدأ (I begin or I began). So, the ألجار and المجرورare in place of Fatha for hidden verb إبتدأت or أبدأ and ألألف is omitted from the writing of

  الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم due to frequent use  ”. (Ref.2)

 وسقطت الألف من بإسم الله فى اللفظ وكان الأصل بإسم الله

   الألف (Alif) is fallen off from بإسم الله (Then it became بسم الله     ) originally it was بإسم الله

والباء مكسورة ابدا لأنه لا معنى لها إلا الخفض   

  الباء (Al-Ba) always remains with Kasra(كسرة) because it has got no meaning except –“To lower”.

وزعم سيبوية أن معنى الباء الإلصاق – تقول كتبت بالقلم والمعنى أن الكتابة ملصقة بالقلم

Sibawayah سيبوية(Abu Bishr Amar Ibn Uthman Ibn Qanbar his book is named كتاب سيبوية, mother of Nahu ) thought that the meaning of الباء (Al-Ba) is “To be attached”. As the Arabs say - كتبت بالقلم 

( I have written with a pen.)  It means “With the attachment of a pen”. (Ref.3)

Abu Zakaria Yahya Ibn Ziyad Al-Farra said:  

قال فأول ذالك إجتماع القراء وكتاب المصاحف على حذف الألف من " بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم"    “The first of that is the all reciters and writers of the Qur’an agreed on omitting  Alif (ألألف ) from “ بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم”. (Ref.4)

Lexical Discussion :

 قال البصريون ألاسم مشتق من السمو وهو العلو والرفعة  

“Nahu (Arabic Grammar) experts from Kufa in Iraq said:  The word ألاسم (Al-Ism) is derived from السمو (As-Sumuwoo, As-Seen with Dammah and Tashdid, Al-Meem with Dammah and Al-Wao with Tashdid and Dammah). It means height and elevation. (So, Al-Ism or name places its owner in a high position). This opinion is the most correct because تصغير (Diminutive form of a noun) of the Arabic word  إسم is سمى (As-Seen with Dammah, Al-Meem With Fatah and Al-Ya - with Tashdeed and Dammah) and the plural is  أسماء (Ref.5)

The word الله  is described in detail in the Tafsir of أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم

Ibn Manzur said: الرحمة الرقة التعطف   -Rahmat means- Tenderness and sympathy.

لأن فعلان بناء من ابنية المبالغة ومعناه عند اهل اللغة ذو الرحمة التى لاغاية بعدها فى الرحمة

“To Arabic Linguists- Rahmat means- A tenderness after which there is no end to tenderness, because, فعلان (Fa’lan) is one of the structures of superlative degree (So, Rahman means- “The most merciful). (Ref.6)

Abul Baqa Abdullah Ibnul Hasan Al-Abkari said:

 الرحمن الرحيم صفتان مشتقان من الرحمة وفى الرحيم مبالغة أيضا إلا أن فعلانا أبلغ من فعيل

  الرحمن الرحيم  (Ar-Rahman- Ar-Raheem) are  two adjectives, derived from الرحمة  ( Ar-Rahmah) . الرحيم also gives the meaning of superlative degree, but the word in the structure of  (Fa’lan)فعلان gives the meaning of more superlative degree than the word in the structure of فعيل i- e رحيم (Ref.7)

صيغ المبالغة are as follows

(The Arabic words in the  words written below give the meaning of a superlative degree.)

مفعال ( م  with Kasra and ف with sukoon  )فعال  ( ف  with Fatha and ع with Tashdid and Fatha ) فعول  (ف with Fatha and ع with Dammah )     فعيل  (ف with Fatha and ع with Kasra )  فعل (ف with Fatha and ع with Kasra ) These 5 are majorصيغ المبالغة. All others are used rarely. They are- فعول (ف with Dammah and ع with Tashdid and Dammah) فاعول  (ف with Fatha and ع with Dammah )  فعيل  (ف with Kasra and ع with Kasra and Tashdid) فعلان(ف with Fatha and ع with Sukoon ) مفعيل ( م  with Kasra,ف with Sukoon and ع with Kasra ) فعلة(ف with Dammah and ع with Fatha )  مفعل ( م  with Kasra,ف with Sukoon and ع with Fatha ). (Ref. 8)

 

References:(المراجع)

1. إعراب القرأن الكريم, Volume -1, page-20, Author – Dr, Muhammad Solaiman Yaqut. 

 2. التبيان فى إعراب القرأنِ Author-Abul Baqa Abdullah Ibnul Hasan Al-Abkari, Volume-1, Page-3

3. معانى القرأن وإعرابه للزجاج, Volume -1, page-39 & 41

4. معانى القرأن,Author- Abu Zakaria Yahya Ibn Ziyad Al-Farra, Volume -1, Page no-  مطبعة      دار الكتب المصرية -١٩٥٥ الميلادى

5.  الجامع لاحكام القرأن Known as Tafsirul Qurtubi, Author- Abu Abdillah Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Abi Bakr A- Qurtubi, Volume-1, page- 156 (القول فى للبسملة)

6.  لسان العرب, Volume-12, page 231, writer- Abul Fadl  Jamaluddin Muhammad Ibn Mukarram Ibn Manzur Al-Afriqi Al-Misri, printed by دار صادر بيروت

7. التبيان فى إعراب القرأنِ Author-Abul Baqa Abdullah Ibnul Hasan Al-Abkari, Volume-1, Page-4 

8. صيغ المبالغة فى القأن الكريم  - بحث مقدم لنيل درجة الماجستير فى النحو والصرف -Researcher –Fatima Binti Abdillah Ibn Aoud Murawi ,Page-3 alon with other pages , جامعة أم القرى -–ألمكتبة المركزية ,مكة المكرمة

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